Political parties have adopted numerous strategies beyond quotas in an attempt to increase women’s political participation and promote women-friendly policy change. Historically, a common way of incorporating women into political parties has been through the creation of women’s sections or branches. However, it is important to note that, while they were sometimes consulted as experts on questions of concern to women, the main purpose of many of these organizations was to mobilize women as voters for the party – not necessarily to serve as a platform for informing or changing policy priorities. All the same, over time women have sometimes been able to use the recognized status of the women’s branches to pressure parties from within, both for the increased selection of female candidates and a shift in policy ideas. Such strategies tend to be the most effective when they are supported by women’s mobilization outside the party, increasing pressure on party elites to take women’s demands seriously. Parties in several countries allocate funds for training female candidates. Indeed, in parties that do not adopt quotas (especially conservative parties) this is an especially popular strategy. A recent example is the women2win campaign initiated by women in the British Conservative Party (see http://www.women2win.com/). The goal is to provide women with the skills to wage effective political campaigns. Similar initiatives were taken in several Canadian parties in the 1980s and 1990s in the form of establishing talent banks of women for appointment to political office, special campaign funds to support female candidates, and quotas for women among the delegates sent to national party conventions. Quotas for internal party committees and for party conventions have also existed for a long time in U.S. political parties, although they currently exist officially only in the Democratic Party. Some of the most effective strategies to raise money for – and train – female candidates in the United States, however, take place outside the political parties. Nonetheless, the most prominent fundraising organizations have a clear party orientation. The most well-known organization of this type is EMILY’s List (see http://www.emilyslist.org/), which focuses on raising funds for pro-choice Democratic female candidates running for various levels of political office. The idea behind the organization’s name (Early Money Is Like Yeast) is that money received in the early days of a candidate’s campaign can be crucial for establishing the viability of the campaign, and therefore, attracting other donations (i.e., yeast makes the ‘dough’ [money] rise). A growing trend is the creation of various campaign training programs (often at universities) around the U.S., which seek to equip female students and others in the local community with the skills to run successfully for political office. These include the New Leadership Program and Emerge. Assistant Professor of Political Science and Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Washington University in St. Louis