This guide aims to increase the understanding of civic and political activists regarding what transparency measures to demand in establishing safeguards concerning electronic electoral technologies, as well as what skills their organizations will need to develop to verify the integrity of electronic electoral technologies. Specifically, it covers the types of technologies employed, the potential challenges for electoral integrity brought by such technologies, issues to consider in deciding whether to introduce electronic technologies and transparency that should be employed when electronic technologies are utilized.

Despite the Philippines’ patriarchal institutions, narrow elite class, and repression of women, other social variables such as family ties, the Catholic Church, corruption, and gender symbolism have provided an opening for women to enter into the male-dominated political arena. This paper focuses particularly on the case studies of two female Filipino presidents: Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

This document consists of two papers, "Electoral Operations, Human Rights and Public Confidence in a Democratic System" and "Electoral Campaigns and Pre-Election Issues: The 'Level Playing Field' and Genuine Elections." Both papers were presented at the 1994 African Election Administrators' Colloquium in Zimbabwe. They discuss the process of examining elections to determine whether or not they are free and fair, and focus on issues such as internationally recognized fundamental rights and freedoms, public confidence in elections, election monitoring, voter registration, mobilization of resources, and voter and civic education.

This document contains two international agreements outlining standards for election observation, as agreed upon by a number of international organizations.